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“Why is the label ‘Western Civilization’ a problem?”

1. Anderson, B. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso.
2. Bostick, D. 2021. “The Classical Roots of White Supremacy”, Teaching Tolerance 66 https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/spring-2021/the-classical-roots-of-white-supremacy
3. Cline, E. 2021. 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Revised and Updated ed. Princeton.
4. Coleburn, C. November 20, 2017. The concept of ‘Western civilisation’ is past its use-by date in university humanities departments (theconversation.com)
5. duBois, P. 2001. Trojan Horses: Saving the Classics from Conservatives. New York University Press.
6. Hall, E. 1989. Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-definition through Tragedy. Oxford.
7. Jackson, P. T. 2009. Civilizing the Enemy: German Reconstruction and the Invention of the West. University of Michigan Press.
8. Kennedy, R. F. May 11, 2017. “We condone it by our silence” Eidolon https://eidolon.pub/we-condone-it-by-our-silence-bea76fb59b21  
9. Kennedy, R. F. April 3, 2019. “On the History of ‘Western Civilization’, Part 1”. https://rfkclassics.blogspot.com/2019/04/on-history-of-western-civilization-part.html?m=1
10. Levine, L. 1996. The Opening of the American Mind: Canons, Culture, and History. Beacon Press.
11. Maher, H., E. Gunaydin, & J. McSwiney. 2021. “Western Civilizationism and White Supremacy: The Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation”, Patterns of Prejudice 55: 309-30.
12. Padilla Peralta, D-E. February 20, 2017. “Classics beyond the pale” https://eidolon.pub/classics-beyond-the-pale-534bdbb3601b  
13. Patterson, T. C. 1997. Inventing Western Civilization. Monthly Review Press.
14. Pharos. January 25, 2019. “Western Civilization” Means Classics…and White Supremacy”. Pharos: Doing Justice to the Classics. “Western Civilization” means Classics…and White Supremacy – Pharos (vassarspaces.net)
15. Rose, P. 2003. “’The Conquest Continues’: Towards Denaturalizing Greek and Roman Imperialisms”. The Classical World 96: 409-15.
16. Said, E. 1979. Orientalism. Vintage.
17. Weller, R. C. 2017. “‘Western’ and ‘White’ Civilization’: White Nationalism and Eurocentrism at the Crossroads”, in 21st-Century Narratives of World History, R. C. Weller, ed. Palgrave-MacMillan: 35-80.

“Were the ancient Greeks and Romans ‘white’?”

1. Beard, M. August 3, 2017. “Roman Britain in Black and White” from A Don’s Life in The Times Literary Supplement. https://www.the-tls.co.uk/regular-features/mary-beard-a-dons-life/roman-britain-black-white
2. Bond, S. April 27, 2017. “Whitewashing Ancient Statues: Whiteness, Racism, and Color in the Ancient World”. Forbes Magazine. https://www.forbes.com/sites/drsarahbond/2017/04/27/whitewashing-ancient-statues-whiteness-racism-and-color-in-the-ancient-world/#59b8273a75ad
3. Coates, T.-N. May 15, 2013. “What We Mean When We Say ‘Race Is A Social Construct’. The Atlantic. https://kalamu.com/neogriot/2013/05/18/pov-what-we-mean-when-we-say-race-is-a-social-construct/
4. Gannon, M. February 5, 2016. “Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue”. Scientific American.com.
   https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/
5. Graham, A. J. 2001. “Religion, Women, and Greek Colonization”. Collected Papers on Greek Colonization. Brill: 327-48.
6. Hall, E. 1989. Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy. Oxford.
7. Hall, J. 2001. “Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity”. Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity. I. Malkin, ed. Center for Hellenic Studies: 159-86.
8. Hunter, J. August 11, 2017. “Roman Britain, Mary Beard, and the Battle for Control of the Past”. Prospect Magazine https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/44835/roman-britain-mary-beard-and-the-battle-for-control-of-the-past
9. Kendi, I. X. 2016. Stamped from the Beginning. New York.
10. KRG = Kennedy, R., C. Roy & M. Goldman. 2013. Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World: An Anthology of Primary Sources in Translation. Hackett.
11. McCoskey, D. 2012. Race: Antiquity and its Legacy. London.
12. Morley, N. August 2, 2017. “Diversitas et Multiculturalismus”. SPHINX: Exploring Antiquity and Modernity with Nevil Morley. https://thesphinxblog.com/2017/08/02/diversitas-et-multiculturalismus/
13. Nicholls, M. July 28, 2017. “How diverse was Roman Britain?”. Connecting Research: The Forum.   https://blogs.reading.ac.uk/the-forum/2017/07/28/how-diverse-was-roman-britain/
14. Pharos. “Scholars Respond to Racist Backlash against Black Achilles, Part 1: Ancient Greek Attitudes toward Africans”. Pharos: Doing Justice to the Classics. https://pharos.vassarspaces.net/2018/05/11/scholars-respond-to-racist-backlash-against-black-achilles-part-1-ancient-greek-attitudes-toward-africans/
15. Philo, J.-M. August 9, 2017. “Mary Beard is Right, Roman Britain Was Multi-ethnic — So Why Does This Upset People So Much?”. The Conversation.
    https://theconversation.com/mary-beard-is-right-roman-britain-was-multi-ethnic-so-why-does-this-upset-people-so-much-82269
16. “Scholars Respond to Racist Backlash against Black Achilles, Part 2: What Did Achilles Look Like?”. Pharos: Doing Justice to the Classics. https://pharos.vassarspaces.net/2018/05/18/scholars-respond-to-racist-backlash-against-black-achilles-part-2-what-did-achilles-look-like/
17. Woolf, G. September 21, 2021. “An Empire of Many Colours? Race and Imperialism in Ancient Rome”. OUP Blog. https://blog.oup.com/2021/09/an-empire-of-many-colours-race-and-imperialism-in-ancient-rome/
18. Zhang, S. August 2, 2017. “A Kerfuffle about Diversity in the Roman Empire”. The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/08/dna-romans/535701/

“Why Do We Have So Many Translations of Greek and Roman Texts?”

1. Alexander, C. 2015. The Iliad: A New Translation. Harper Collins.
2. Beard, M. September 30^th, 2010. “Which Thucydides Can You Trust?” The New York Review. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2010/09/30/which-thucydides-can-you-trust/?lp_txn_id=1667442
3. Bellei, F. 2024. “The Nose at the Crossroads: an intersectional reading of the pseudo-Vergilian Moretum”. Transactions of the American Philological Association 154.213-50.
4. Davie, M. September 30^th, 2012. “Traduttore, traditore.” OUPblog  https://blog.oup.com/2012/09/traduttore-traditore-translator-traitor-translation/
5. Fagles, R. 1984. The Oresteia. Penguin Books.
6. Fagles, R. 1990. Homer. The Iliad. Penguin Books.
7. Fitzgerald, R. 1961. The Odysssey. Doubleday.
8. Greenwood, E. 2015. “On Translating Thucydides.” Ch. 6 in C. Lee. 2015. A Handbook to the Reception of Thucydides, N. Morley, ed. John Wiley & Sons. 135-71.
9. Haley, S. 2009. “Be Not Afraid of the Dark: Critical Race Theory and Classical Studies”, in Prejudice and Christian Beginnings: Investigating Race, Gender, and Ethnicity in Early Christian Studies. L. Nasrallah and E. Schüssler Fiorenza, eds. Fortress Press. 27-49.
10. Haley, S. 2022. “Race and Gender”, Ch. 7 in A Cultural History of Race in Antiquity. D.E. McCoskey, ed. Bloomsbury Academic.119-36.
11. Himmelhoch, L. R. 2023. Aeschylus Agamemnon. Bloomsbury Academic.
12. Hornblower, S. 2009. A Commentary on Thucydides. Volume III. Books 5.25 – 8.109. Oxford University Press.
13. Katz, A. August 28^th, 2021. “Kate Gladstone Talks about Errors in Medieval Manuscripts.” PubWages.com    https://www.pubwages.com/12/kate-gladstone-talks-about-errors-in-medieval-manuscripts
14. Lattimore, R. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. University of Chicago Press.
15. Lebert, M. March 25, 2022. “A Short History of Translation and Translators.” Marie Lebert.wordpress.com  https://marielebert.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/translation/
16. Lombardo, S. 2000. The Essential Homer. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
17. Lombardo, S. 2003. Iliad. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
18. Meineck, P. 1998. Oresteia. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
19. Mitchell, S. 2011. Homer. The Iliad. Free Press.
20. Porck, T. August 8^th, 2016. “Paws, Pee, and Pests: Cats among Medieval Manuscripts”. Thijs Porck.com  https://thijsporck.com/2016/08/08/paws-pee-and-pests/
21. Reeves, C. D. C. 2016. Aristotle Metaphysics. Hacket Publishing Company, Inc.
22. Ross, W. D. 1908. Aristotle’s Metaphysics. Oxford.
23. Snowden, F. M. 1970. Blacks in Antiquity. Harvard.
24. Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-text/
25. Thompson, L. A. 1989. Romans and Blacks. University of Oklahoma Press.
26. Vellacott, P. 1959. The Oresteian Trilogy. Penguin Books.
27. Wilson, E. R. 2018. The Odyssey. W. W. Norton.
28. Wilson, E. R. 2023. The Iliad. W. W. Norton.
29. Wilson, E. R. September 20^th, 2023. “Emily Wilson on 5 Crucial Decisions She Made in her Iliad Translation”. The Washington Post. https://classicseducation.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Emily-Wilson-on-5 crucial-decisions-she-made-in-her-%E2%80%98Iliad-translation-The-Washington-Post.pdf
30. Wilson, E. R. September 16^th, 2024. “On Complicated…”. EMILY’S Substack. https://emily613.substack.com/p/on-complicate
31. Xinyue, B. 2025. “Who Makes the Pesto? Labor, Social Status, and Authorship in the Moretum.” The Classical Quarterly 75(1).408-22. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/who-makes-the-pesto-labour-social-status-and-authorship-in-the-moretvm/39D47C4D626107A062005DAA25B12673

“Image Archive”

1. Derbew, S. March 17, 2022. “Blackness in Antiquity.” Aeon.co https://aeon.co/essays/how-does-an-ancient-greek-cup-challenge-anti-black-racism
2. Gaither, P. Dec. 15, 2020. “Rethinking Descriptions of Black Africans in Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Art.” Getty.edu https://www.getty.edu/news/rethinking-descriptions-of-black-africans-in-greek-etruscan-and-roman-art/
3. Hemingway, C. & S. Hemingway. Jan. 1, 2008. “Africans in Ancient Greek Art”. www.MetMuseum.org/essays https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/africans-in-ancient-greek-art
4. Pearson, S. Aug. 3, 2020. “More than Marble – Diversity in the Altes Museum”. Museum and the City: Blog der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. https://blog.smb.museum/more-than-marble-diversity-in-the-altes-museum/