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“Why is the label ‘Western Civilization’ a problem?”

1. Anderson, B. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso.
2. Bostick, D. 2021. “The Classical Roots of White Supremacy”, Teaching Tolerance 66 https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/spring-2021/the-classical-roots-of-white-supremacy
3. Cline, E. 2021. 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Revised and Updated ed. Princeton.
4. Coleburn, C. November 20, 2017. The concept of ‘Western civilisation’ is past its use-by date in university humanities departments (theconversation.com)
5. duBois, P. 2001. Trojan Horses: Saving the Classics from Conservatives. New York University Press.
6. Hall, E. 1989. Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-definition through Tragedy. Oxford.
7. Jackson, P. T. 2009. Civilizing the Enemy: German Reconstruction and the Invention of the West. University of Michigan Press.
8. Kennedy, R. F. May 11, 2017. “We condone it by our silence” Eidolon https://eidolon.pub/we-condone-it-by-our-silence-bea76fb59b21  
9. Kennedy, R. F. April 3, 2019. “On the History of ‘Western Civilization’, Part 1”. https://rfkclassics.blogspot.com/2019/04/on-history-of-western-civilization-part.html?m=1
10. Levine, L. 1996. The Opening of the American Mind: Canons, Culture, and History. Beacon Press.
11. Maher, H., E. Gunaydin, & J. McSwiney. 2021. “Western Civilizationism and White Supremacy: The Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation”, Patterns of Prejudice 55: 309-30.
12. Padilla Peralta, D-E. February 20, 2017. “Classics beyond the pale” https://eidolon.pub/classics-beyond-the-pale-534bdbb3601b  
13. Patterson, T. C. 1997. Inventing Western Civilization. Monthly Review Press.
14. Pharos. January 25, 2019. “Western Civilization” Means Classics…and White Supremacy”. Pharos: Doing Justice to the Classics. “Western Civilization” means Classics…and White Supremacy – Pharos (vassarspaces.net)
15. Rose, P. 2003. “’The Conquest Continues’: Towards Denaturalizing Greek and Roman Imperialisms”. The Classical World 96: 409-15.
16. Said, E. 1979. Orientalism. Vintage.
17. Weller, R. C. 2017. “‘Western’ and ‘White’ Civilization’: White Nationalism and Eurocentrism at the Crossroads”, in 21st-Century Narratives of World History, R. C. Weller, ed. Palgrave-MacMillan: 35-80.

“Were the ancient Greeks and Romans ‘white’?”

1. Beard, M. August 3, 2017. “Roman Britain in Black and White” from A Don’s Life in The Times Literary Supplement. https://www.the-tls.co.uk/regular-features/mary-beard-a-dons-life/roman-britain-black-white
2. Bond, S. April 27, 2017. “Whitewashing Ancient Statues: Whiteness, Racism, and Color in the Ancient World”. Forbes Magazine. https://www.forbes.com/sites/drsarahbond/2017/04/27/whitewashing-ancient-statues-whiteness-racism-and-color-in-the-ancient-world/#59b8273a75ad
3. Coates, T.-N. May 15, 2013. “What We Mean When We Say ‘Race Is A Social Construct’. The Atlantic. https://kalamu.com/neogriot/2013/05/18/pov-what-we-mean-when-we-say-race-is-a-social-construct/
4. Gannon, M. February 5, 2016. “Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue”. Scientific American.com.
   https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/
5. Graham, A. J. 2001. “Religion, Women, and Greek Colonization”. Collected Papers on Greek Colonization. Brill: 327-48.
6. Hall, E. 1989. Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy. Oxford.
7. Hall, J. 2001. “Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity”. Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity. I. Malkin, ed. Center for Hellenic Studies: 159-86.
8. Hunter, J. August 11, 2017. “Roman Britain, Mary Beard, and the Battle for Control of the Past”. Prospect Magazine https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/44835/roman-britain-mary-beard-and-the-battle-for-control-of-the-past
9. Kendi, I. X. 2016. Stamped from the Beginning. New York.
10. KRG = Kennedy, R., C. Roy & M. Goldman. 2013. Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World: An Anthology of Primary Sources in Translation. Hackett.
11. McCoskey, D. 2012. Race: Antiquity and its Legacy. London.
12. Morley, N. August 2, 2017. “Diversitas et Multiculturalismus”. SPHINX: Exploring Antiquity and Modernity with Nevil Morley. https://thesphinxblog.com/2017/08/02/diversitas-et-multiculturalismus/
13. Nicholls, M. July 28, 2017. “How diverse was Roman Britain?”. Connecting Research: The Forum.   https://blogs.reading.ac.uk/the-forum/2017/07/28/how-diverse-was-roman-britain/
14. Pharos. “Scholars Respond to Racist Backlash against Black Achilles, Part 1: Ancient Greek Attitudes toward Africans”. Pharos: Doing Justice to the Classics. https://pharos.vassarspaces.net/2018/05/11/scholars-respond-to-racist-backlash-against-black-achilles-part-1-ancient-greek-attitudes-toward-africans/
15. Philo, J.-M. August 9, 2017. “Mary Beard is Right, Roman Britain Was Multi-ethnic — So Why Does This Upset People So Much?”. The Conversation.
    https://theconversation.com/mary-beard-is-right-roman-britain-was-multi-ethnic-so-why-does-this-upset-people-so-much-82269
16. “Scholars Respond to Racist Backlash against Black Achilles, Part 2: What Did Achilles Look Like?”. Pharos: Doing Justice to the Classics. https://pharos.vassarspaces.net/2018/05/18/scholars-respond-to-racist-backlash-against-black-achilles-part-2-what-did-achilles-look-like/
17. Woolf, G. September 21, 2021. “An Empire of Many Colours? Race and Imperialism in Ancient Rome”. OUP Blog. https://blog.oup.com/2021/09/an-empire-of-many-colours-race-and-imperialism-in-ancient-rome/
18. Zhang, S. August 2, 2017. “A Kerfuffle about Diversity in the Roman Empire”. The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/08/dna-romans/535701/

“Image Archive”

1. Hemingway, C. & S. Hemingway. Jan. 1, 2008. “Africans in Ancient Greek Art”. www.MetMuseum.org/essays https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/africans-in-ancient-greek-art
2. Gaither, P. Dec. 15, 2020. “Rethinking Descriptions of Black Africans in Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Art.” Getty.edu https://www.getty.edu/news/rethinking-descriptions-of-black-africans-in-greek-etruscan-and-roman-art/
3. Derbew, S. March 17, 2022. “Blackness in Antiquity.” Aeon.co https://aeon.co/essays/how-does-an-ancient-greek-cup-challenge-anti-black-racism
4. Pearson, S. Aug. 3, 2020. “More than Marble – Diversity in the Altes Museum”. Museum and the City: Blog der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. https://blog.smb.museum/more-than-marble-diversity-in-the-altes-museum/